Protein is a vital nutrient, essential to your health. In its purest form, protein consists of chains of amino acids. There are 22 amino acids that combine to form different proteins, and 8 of these must come from the foods we eat. Our body uses these amino acids to create muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails and internal organs. Proteins help replace and form new tissue, transports oxygen and nutrients in our blood and cells, regulates the balance of water and acids, and is needed to make antibodies. However, too much of a good thing may not be so good for you. Many people are putting their health at risk by eating too much protein. Excessive protein consumption, particularly animal protein, can result in heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, and kidney stones. As important as protein is for our body, there are many misconceptions about how much we really need in our diet, and the best way to obtain it.

Proteins help replace and form new tissue, transports oxygen and nutrients in our blood and cells, regulates the balance of water and acids, and is needed to make antibodies
Some people, in the pursuit of thinness, are going on high-protein diets and are eating up to four times the amount of protein that their body needs. So exactly how much protein does your body really need? Much less than you think! According to the American Heart Association and the National Institutes of Health, as little as 50-60 grams of protein is enough for most adults. This breaks down to about 10-12% of total calories. Your body only needs 0.36 grams of protein per pound of body weight. To calculate the exact amount you need, multiply your ideal weight by 0.36. This will give you your optimum daily protein requirement in grams. Since the amount of protein needed depends on the amount of lean body mass and not fat, ideal weight is used instead of actual weight. Infants, children, pregnant and nursing women require more protein.
People on high-protein diets are consuming up to 34% of their total calories in the form of protein and up to 53% of total calories from fat. Most of these people are unaware of the amount of protein and fat that is contained in the foods they eat. You achieve quick weight loss on these diets because of this high fat content. High fat foods give you the sensation of feeling full, faster, so you end up eating fewer total calories. However, this type of protein and fat combination is not the healthiest. Animal proteins are loaded with cholesterol and saturated fat. Many people on these diets also experience an elevation in their LDL (the bad) cholesterol when they remain on this diet for long periods. High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood clog arteries and is the chief culprit in heart disease, particularly heart attack and stroke. So while you may lose weight in the short-run, you are putting your cardiovascular health in jeopardy in the long-run.
Another reason weight loss is achieved on these high-protein diets, at least temporarily, is actually due to water loss. The increase in the amount of protein consumed, especially from dairy products, raises the levels of uric acid and urea in the blood. These are toxic by-products of protein breakdown and metabolism. The body eliminates this uric acid and urea by pumping lots of water into the kidneys and urinary tract to help it flush out. However, a detrimental side effect of this diuretic response is the loss of essential minerals from the body, including calcium. The high intake of protein leaches calcium from the bones, which leads to osteoporosis.
Medical evidence shows that the body loses an average of 1.75 milligrams of calcium in the urine for every 1 gram increase in animal protein ingested.
Additionally, as calcium and other minerals are leached from our bones, they are deposited in the kidneys and can form into painful kidney stones. If a kidney stone becomes large enough to cause a blockage, it stops the flow of urine from the kidney and must be removed by surgery or other methods.
Plant-based proteins, like that found in soy, lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL (the good) cholesterol. This prevents the build up of arterial plaque which leads to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and heart disease, thus reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke. The amount and type of protein in your diet also has an important impact on calcium absorption and excretion. Vegetable-protein diets enhance calcium retention in the body and results in less excretion of calcium in the urine. This reduces the risk of osteoporosis and kidney problems. Interestingly, kidney disease is far less common in people who eat a vegetable-based diet than it is in people who eat an animal-based diet. By replacing animal protein with vegetable protein and replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat, like that found in olive and canola oils, you can avoid the pitfalls of the typical high-protein diet. You will be able to improve your health and regulate your weight while enjoying a vast array of delicious, nutritionally dense, high fibre foods.
Remember, eat everything in moderation and nothing in excess. Also, the only healthy way to achieve permanent weight loss is to burn more calories than you take in. Anything else is just a gimmick.
If you’ve been wanting to lose weight without compromising your own health, then the Low-Carbohydrate and High-Protein Diet could be an option to consider. But before you dig deeper on how this diet approach helps in losing weight, it would be better to first cover the basics on what these nutrients can do for your body.

Carbs and Protein
Carbohydrates no longer sound like a stranger to anyone who’s been trying to lose weight instantly. This is one essential nutrient that’s commonly misconceived as unhealthy. Many say that carbs in a diet predominately result in an increase in fats. But, don’t take this as a gospel truth for not all carbohydrates are bad. They’re not the only reason why your body may feel bloated and large, and knowing what different types of carbs do for your body is crucial to your health and weight loss.
Protein, on the other hand, is good for the heart. The absence of its supply can lead to various illnesses and may even result in death. Some of these illnesses are weakening of the respiratory and immune systems, malfunctioning of the heart, as well as growth failure. Protein is acquired mostly from poultry products such as milk, beans, meat, whole grains, oats and peanuts.
So, why is the Low-Carbohydrate and High Protein Diet being implemented? What are the benefits?
If your main objective is to reduce your body weight, then it’s better to try the Low-Carbohydrate and High-Protein Diet than the Low-Fat and High-Carbohydrate approach. Low carbohydrates mean that your blood sugar level doesn’t increase quickly. Since there’s a minimal supply of sugar compared to the average amount you get, you have a lower risk of developing diabetes. You may ask about the energy supply you need and say “I thought carbohydrates are important because we need energy?” But don’t worry, because protein can cover this.
Any food that’s high in protein tends to make the digestion slower. In which case, you don’t easily get hungry and feel empty. Once you start feeling empty, your energy tends to decrease as well. However, the low-carbohydrate diet doesn’t mean that your body won’t get the energy it needs. Of course, carbohydrates are just one energy source; other nutrients can help supply energy as well.
The Low-Carb and High-Protein Diet doesn’t only contribute to quicker weight loss and lower blood sugar level, it also helps reduce blood-triglyceride levels, which is good for the heart.
Although this type of diet is advised, it doesn’t mean that the food you’re going to eat are only those that are high in proteins and miss out on other essential minerals and vitamins found in other varieties. Excess or lack of protein and carbohydrates is not good for the body, so watch out for the amount of these nutrients you take daily. Knowing the essential nutrients your body needs and the process on how to properly get these nourishments can prevent you from getting sick.

Fatehpur Sikri is the historical city constructed by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the beginning of 1570 in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. It served as the empire’s capital from 1571 until 1585, when it was abandoned. Fatehpur Sikri is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the surviving palace and mosque are a tourist attraction.
It has a versatile and prolific Indo-Muslim composite style of Architecture and resembles a fusion of the composite cultures of indigenous and foreign origins. Fatehpur Sikri Mosque is said to be a copy of the mosque in Mecca and has designs, derived from the Persian & Hindu architecture.

History

Akbar shifted his court and residence from Agra to Sikri for a period of 13 years, from 1572 to 1585. The Sufi Saint Sheikh Salim Chishti had blessed him with a son who was named Salim in 1569. After the death of his two sons, the Sufi saint predicted that Akbar would have another son. Akbar’s son was named Salim to honour the saint and would later rule the empire as Emperor Jahangir.

To honour the saint, Akbar created this great city with magnificent palaces and institutions and gave it the name of Fatehabad, which later came to be known as “Fatehpur Sikri”. Fateh is a word of Arabic origin and means “victory”.

Fatehpur Sikri shared its imperial duties as a capital city with Agra, where a bulk of the arsenal, treasure hoards, and other reserves were kept at its Red Fort for security. During a crisis, the court, harem, and treasury could be removed to Agra, only 26 miles away, less than a day’s march.

It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. Innovations in land revenue, coinage, military organisation, and provincial administration emerged during the Fatehpur Sikri years. Fatehpur Sikri was the first planned city of the Mughals. Its efficient drainage system and water-supply system suggest a very intelligent town-planning by Akbar.

Fatehpur Sikri was abandoned in 1585 and the capital moved to Lahore. The reasons for this remain obscure; it is possible that water sources dried up or that Akbar needed to be closer to invading Persian and Afghan armies.

Important buildings & Places To Visit

The buildings of Fatehpur Sikri show a synthesis of various regional schools of architectural craftsmanship such as Gujarati and Bengali. This was because indigenous craftsmen from various regions were used for the construction of the buildings. Influences from Hindu and Jain architecture are seen hand in hand with Islamic elements.

Jama Masjid or the Friday Mosque: It is notable for its Hindu and Persian elements of design. It is also known as the Dargah Mosque and is said to be a copy of the main mosque at Mecca. The tomb of Salim Chisti called “Salim Chisti Ka Mazar” was built within the grounds of Jama Mosque.

Buland Darwaza – the ‘Gate of Magnificence’: It is a 54 m high main entrance gate to the Jama Masjid. It is a stupendous piece of architecture from the outside and gradually makes a transition to a human scale in the inside. It was erected in 1602 AD to commemorate Akbar’s victory over Deccan. It is the highest and grandest gateway in India and ranks among the biggest in the world. A Koranic Inscription upon it says – “The world is a bridge, pass over it but built no house upon it. He who hopes for an hour, hopes for Eternity, for the world is but an hour”.

Tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti: It was built in 1570 and is believed by many seekers to fulfil their wishes. Its Carved Marble Lattice Screens (Jalis) are a noticeable feature.
Palace of Jodha Bai: It was the principal harem wing for the Hindu wives of Akbar. The mother of Salim (Emperor Jahangir) Jodha Bai presided imperiously from her spacious purdah (screened salon). The architecture is a blend of styles with Hindu columns and Muslim cupolas.

Birbal Bhawan: This palace belonged to Raja Birbal, Akbar’s brilliant prime minister. He was one of the “Nine Jewels of Akbar’s court”. The building combines Hindu and Muslim styles of architecture.

Karawan Serai and Hiran Minar: The Karawan Sarai was a large courtyard used by visiting merchants. The Hiran or Deer Minar has been erected over the grave of Akbar’s favourite elephant.

Diwan-i-Aam – Hall of Public Audience: a building typology found in many Mughal cities where the ruler meets the general public. It is designed for large public gatherings.

Diwan-i-Khas – Hall of Private Audience: famous for its central pillar with thirty-six vaulted brackets supporting a circular platform for Akbar. It is here that Akbar had representatives of different religions discuss their faiths. It is Fatehpur Sikri’s architectural gem and unique for its interior decoration.

Panch Mahal: A five-storied palatial structure and an architectural marvel. The bottom floor has 176 intricately carved columns. It was Akbar’s personal citadel of pleasure, where he would spend his evenings with the ladies of the harem.

Fatehpur Sikri is one of the finest examples of Mughal architectural splendour at its height. Indeed, its numerous palaces, halls, and masjids satisfy his creative and aesthetic impulses, typical of Mughals. Though the city is in ruins, it is a place to visit if one comes to Agra. The sunset over the ruins is a sight to cherish.
Fatehpur Sikri is regarded as Emperor Akbar’s crowning architectural legacy. It is the best example of the culmination of Hindu and Muslim architecture. It is one of the greatest accomplishments of Mughal architecture, some say it’s only surpassed in beauty by the Taj Mahal.

“If dreams were made out of stone, it would be Hampi”

Hampi the erstwhile capital of Vijayanagara kingdom (14th century empire) in India is full of delightful surprises. It is Situated on the banks of the river tungabhadra in karnataka.

Hampi is known for its architecture and art wonders. It is a world famous heritage tourism destination and one of the 16 UNESCO recognised World Heritage Sites in India.
The genesis of the place known today as Hampi dates back to the age of the Hindu epic Ramayana when it was the site of Kishkinda, a monkey kingdom. It was the kingdom of Bali, Sugriva’s brother.
Hampi is time travel. It offers to the tourist a reminder of the greatest land in the whole world. Every rock, every path and every monument at Hampi speak the same language; a language of glory and beauty.
Vijaynagar
Vijaynagar empire was the capital of the largest empire in the post-mogul India and covered many states. It stretched over at least 3 states – Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It also became renowned for re-establishment of Indian culture, its support for music, art and literature. With the prime purpose of caring for the people and their welfare, this empire stretched physically covering Karnataka, Andhra and Maharashtra and became a by-word for golden rule.
“A Forgotten Empire” by Robert Sewell is an interesting book which describes the rise and fall of Vijayanagar empire. It seems at one point of time, diamonds were sold on the streets of this empire.
The Moghul Invaders destroyed a large part of Vijaynagar in 1565. It is in ruins today, but this capital city once boasted riches that were known far beyond the shores of India.

Hampi overview

Set amidst an awesome boulder-strewn landscape along the banks of the Tungabhadra river 12km away from the sleepy town of Hospet in Bellary district, Hampi was the magnificent capital of the mighty Vijayanagar kingdom. Hampi is situated at 74 kms from the city Bellary and 13 km from Hospet city in Karnataka.

Hampi formed one of the cores of the capital of the Vijayanagara empire from 1336 to 1565. Hampi was chosen because of its strategic location, bounded by the torrential Tungabhadra river on one side and surrounded by defensible hills on the other three sides.
The ruins of Hampi lie scattered in about 26 sq. km area. The area is simply stunning and you will be in awe of the millions of boulders surrounding the area. However, within this arid landscape lies a little oasis with lush palm, banana and mango trees nestled near the river.
The site is of great importance in terms of architecture and historical significance. The demography is abundant with large stones which have been utilized to make larger than life statues of Hindu deities. One can see a structure of historic importance every quarter of a mile.
The name is derived from Pampa, which is the old name of the Riverton whose banks the city is built. The name “Hampi” is an anglicized version of the Kannada Hampe (derived from Pampa). Over the years, it has also been referred to as Vijayanagara and Virupakshapura

Sites of Interest

Hampi is a visual delight, especially due to its stark contrast from most other places. Rocks are all you see whichever direction you look at. Vegetation is visible in the wet months; but again it never dominates the landscape. It is an ideal spot for people who are interested in history and/or nature.
There are many sites of interest in and around Hampi. The must-visits are Virupaksha Temple, Hampi Bazaar, Monolith Bull, Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Hemakuta Hill temples, Big Shivlinga, Vithala Temple (the famous Stone Chariot is located here), Hazara Rama Temple, Royal Enclosures, Queen’s Bath, Zanana Enclosure (which also houses the Lotus Mahal), Elephant Stables, Achyut Raya temple, Statue of Ugra Narsimha, Virupaksha Temple, Mahanavmi Dibba, the Stepped Bath and the Matanga Hill (from where one can see the most beautiful sun set ever).
The splendid remains of palaces and gateways of the broken city tell a tale of men infinite talent and power of creativity together with his capacity for senseless destruction.

Virupaksha Temple

The Virupaksha Temple rises majestically at the western end of the famous Hampi Bazaar. The temple has a 120 feet tall tower on its eastern entrance.
It is also known as the Pampapathi temple, it is a Shiva temple situated in the Hampi Bazaar. It predates the founding of the Vijayanagar empire. The temple has a 160-foot (49 m) high tower at its entrance. The temple contains the shrines of Shiva, Pampa and Bhuvaneswari.
The Hampi Bazaar,

35 yards wide and nearly 800 yards long was known to be a “very beautiful street with very beautiful houses”.
Vithala Temple Complex
 The most splendid monument of Hampi is undoubtedly the Vithala Temple Complex with its 56 musical pillars. To the east of the hall is the famous Stone Chariot with stone wheels that actually revolve.
House of Victory
It was built when Krishnadeva Raya came back from his victorious expedition against the King of Orissa. The kings of Vijayanagar used to sit on a grand throne in the House of Victory and witness the nine-day Dushara festival.
King’s Balance

Hampi is also full of surprises: like the King’s Balance where kings were weighed against grain, gold or money which was then distributed to the poor, the Queen’s Bath, a swimming pool, 50 ft. long and 6 ft. deep, with its arched corridors, projecting balconies and lotus-shaped fountains that once sprouted perfumed water.

Local Festivals:
The Vijayanagar Festival organized by the Government of Karnataka in November-December recreates the grandeur of the bygone era.
Best time to visit:

 October to March. You could use Hospet as your base to visit Hampi. The nearest railway station is Hospet Junction (IR station code : HPT), 13 km away. The nearest airport is at Bellary.

Located near the city of Aurangabad in Maharashtra, India; the famous Ajanta and Ellora are the world heritage sites famous for the cave shrines that are cut out of rock, all by hand. Every structure of this cave site has been cut out of solid rock. They are the greatest specimens of rock-cut architecture and Buddhist culture.

The Ajanta and Ellora caves are one of the most well known popular tourist attractions in India and are easily accessible from various parts of the country. They are situated roughly 300 kilometers northeast of Mumbai (Bombay). They are some of the most astounding examples of cave architecture in the world.

Ajanta has 29 caves and Ellora has 34 caves. They remained shrouded in mystery for over a millennium, till John Smith, a British Army Officer, accidentally rediscovered them while on a hunting expedition. These caves aren’t natural caves, but they have been built by generations of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Monks who lived and worshipped in the caves, and slowly carved out elaborate pillars, statues and meditation rooms.

The Ajanta and Ellora caves are listed among the World Heritage Sites by the UNESCO. This has been done to preserve their artistic legacy, so that they can continue to inspire the lives of generations to come and enrich them deeply.

Ajanta Caves

Ajanta is 100 kms from Aurangabad and the caves were discovered in 1819. They depict “Buddhist religious art” and “universal pictorial art” and are known all over the world for their unique style. They portray very beautifully the story of Buddhism, spanning from a period from 200 BC to 650 AD.

The 29 Ajanta caves were used as the shelter of the Buddhist monks who were teachers in various Buddhist rituals. They performed rituals in the Chaityas and Viharas and these were the nerve-centers of the Buddhist cultural movement.

An amazing feature is that the Buddhist monks carved out impressive figures that adorn the walls of these structures, using simple tools like hammer and chisel. They portray tales of the several incarnations of the Buddha and many stories from the Jatakas.

Ellora Caves

The Ellora caves, 34 in number, are carved into the sides of a basaltic hill. They are just 30 Kms from the main city of Aurangabad. Ellora Caves are devoted to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu faiths; they have an amazing wealth of sculpture. They were carved during the 350 AD to 700 AD period. 

Unlike the Ajanta caves, the Ellora Cave temples are home to various monuments, carvings and sculptures relating to Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. They consist of magnificent sculptures and monuments dedicated to Lord Buddha, Lord Vishwakarma, dwarfs, dancing girls, yakshas and musicians.

The Ellora Caves are the finest specimens of cave-temple architecture. The 17 caves in the centre are dedicated to Hinduism, the 12 caves to the south are Buddhist and 5 caves to the north are Jain. The sculptures accurately convey the grace, nobility and serenity inherent in the Buddha.

Although all the caves in Ellora are marvelous architectural feats, the Kailash Cave Temple is the most famous temple which consists of magnificent sculptures of Lord Shiva and can be called as the jewel in the crown.

It is the largest monolithic structure in the world and has been carved totally from a single rock. It represents Mt. Kailasa, the home of the god Shiva in the Himalayas. It is believed to have taken 7,000 laborers 150 years to complete the project. It shows Man’s determination when his mind, heart and hands work in unison towards the fulfillment of a supreme ideal.

Visiting Ajanta and Ellora

Ajanta and Ellora Caves are one of India’s greatest architectural treasures. They attract thousands of visitors and tourists annually. The sites are open daily from 9 a.m. until 5:30 p.m., with guides available for hire. Entry is free to all caves at Ellora except the Kailasa Temple.

Both Ajanta and Ellora caves are open for public viewing throughout week with exception of weekly holiday of Monday for Ajanta and Tuesday for Ellora. Both caves are open on national holidays. 

The human body is a part of nature – a microcosm of the universe. When it runs perfectly – as it was designed to run – it can be perfectly healthy. It does try to be perfectly healthy all the time, using its innate self-healing and selfregulating ability as it strives for a perfect balance, but we repeatedly interfere with this process. Nature has set us up with all the equipment we need to be perfectly healthy. Health is our natural state and ill health is unnatural. Every day our systems are exposed
to millions of bacteria, viruses, allergens, even carcinogens; yet our immune system has the intelligence and skill to deal with all the invaders and keep us healthy. However, when stress, inadequate nutrition, or fatigue weaken the immune system, the same invaders produce disease.
Every second the body is adjusting to thousands of changing parameters, keeping us in perfect balance. No matter what comes along to upset this balance, the body knows its own nature, knows what ideal temperature it should be and the correct chemistry it needs to maintain, and it keeps referring to that blueprint to maintain a proper balance. Ayurveda, the ancient holistic system of medicine from the vedic civilization of India, teaches that health is maintained by the balance of three subtle energies known as doshas: Vata, pitta and kapha. This system teaches maintenance and protection of the
whole person – mind, body and soul. Ayurvedic medicine is based on an individual’s characteristics and body frame rather than being oriented towards treating disease or sickness.
Each of us is made of a combination of the three doshas which are comprised of five universal elements: Space, air, earth, fire and water. Vata is a combination of air and space, pitta is mostly fire with some water and kapha is mostly water with some earth.

“Ayurveda, the ancient holistic system of
medicine from the vedic civilization of India,
teaches that health is maintained by the balance of
three subtle energies known as doshas:
Vata, Pitta & Kapha”

Vata Dosha

Vata governs all movements in the mind and body. It controls blood flow, elimination of wastes, breathing and the movement of thoughts across the mind. As pitta and kapha cannot move without it, vata is considered the leader of the three Ayurvedic principles in the body. It is very important to keep vata in good balance.

Formation of Vata
The action of swallowing enables us to take in food from the external world. This movement is ongoing and depends upon previously digested food, which creates the need for more food to sustain the processes already set in motion by previous eating. This results in a continuing process of ingestion, digestion and elimination. A direct relationship exists between energy and food absorption. The more energy we require in order to function, the greater the need for proper food to sustain it. For example, we need to eat more when we do hard physical work.
Vata dosha is described as the by-product of the digestion of food and includes the energy produced by digestion as well as the waste gases of the digestive process. Anna mala, the ejectable portion of food, equals vata dosha or the portion of vata that is produced. This absorbed energy is then utilized by the body for essential movements like breathing, heartbeat, digestion and excretion of waste products, which are the main actions of vata. These movements cannot be measured or weighed, therefore vata is perceived by the totality of its functions. However, if vata is produced in excess, it becomes a negative factor, drying or disturbing the various tissues and organs.
Functions of Vata Dosha
As the principle of propulsion, vata carries out diverse functions in the body and mind. It controls cell arrangement and division, the formation of different tissue layers and the differentiation of organs and systems. It conducts impulses from the sense organs to the brain and from the brain to the motor organs. Vata controls the expulsion of faeces, urine, sweat, menstrual fluid, semen and the foetus. It regulates respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal movements, as well as all higher functions in the brain and spinal cord. Vata governs the movement of the mind and its transmission of information; it provides the energy to perform all mental activities of thought and perception.
The five sub-doshas of vata, called vayus, are: Prana, Udana, Vyana, Samana and Apana: these are responsible for various movements.
Prana – Udana: These two forms of vata have opposite movements but operate together. Prana Vayu moves from the outside to the inside and is responsible for receiving air, water, food and impressions from the outside world. Whenever a sound, touch, taste or smell is attended to with concentration, it has an effect on the respiration (Prana). Prana vayu moves downwards from the head to the body. In the process, it brings in various external forms of nourishment and energy from food and breath to impressions.

Udana Vayu: This moves from the inside to the outside, mainly through exhalation and speech, but also through various forms of exertion. Food and water received by the stomach and rendered fine during digestion, are eliminated to some degree through expiration. Speech, which occurs through exhaling air through the vocal chords, is due to Udana. Memory, which is the bringing out of the knowledge that has been previously received by Prana, is also a function of Udana. Thus Prana is responsible for intake and Udana for output. Udana governs will, enthusiasm and motivation. Udana moves upward from the center of the body to the head and is centered in the throat.

Vyana – Samana: These two types of vata also have opposite movements. Vyana vayu is responsible for propulsion from the center to the periphery of the body. The movement of the heart in pushing nutritive substances to the periphery is a function of Vyana. It governs circulation to the limbs and the flow of blood and sweat. Vyana carries efferent impulses from the sense organs to the brain. Vyana pervades the entire body from its center in the heart. Physical exercise and stretching of the limbs occur mainly through Vyana.

Samana vayu on the other hand, is the propulsive force from the periphery to the center. Afferent impulses in the nerves, bring the fluid pushed out by Vyana back to the center and promote the process of digestion and are functions of Samana. Thus, the action of Samana is the central pulling action opposite to the outward pushing of Vyana. We could say that Samana is centripetal force, while Vyana is centrifugal force. Samana is centered in the navel and is responsible for the churning action in the intestines due to which we digest food.

Apana: In contrast to the above two pairs, Apana controls all downward discharges of urine, faeces, flatus, menstrual fluid, semen, and the foetus. All these are controlled for a particular period of time before being discharged from the body. The overall control of these for a particular period is beneficial for building or maintaining the tissues. Since this control is beneficial to the other types of vata, it is said that Apana controls all the different forms of vata. Apana also sustains the immune function that depends on proper elimination. Apana moves downward from the navel. It is often regarded as opposite to Prana, as eating is opposite to elimination.

Causes of High Vata
Vata becomes disturbed due to cold weather and exposure to wind or air-conditioning. Dietary factors that effect it are cold substances like iced water, refrigerated foods or foods cold in energy like green salads, food that is dry, rough or light in properties like barley, millet or corn, and irregular eating habits. Excessive physical exercise, particularly of a strongly aerobic nature, as well as improper movements of the body aggravate vata. Lack of proper nutrition and lack of proper rest are additional factors. Psychological factors that increase vata include mental and emotional stress and anything that disturbs the peace or security of a person.

Symptoms of High Vata
High vata is indicated by a desire for warm food, warm environment and warm clothing. Physical symptoms are constipation, lack of energy, loss of sleep, fatigue, emaciation, abdominal distention with flatulence, blackish coloration of faeces and urine, and defective sensory functioning. Psychological symptoms include fear, anxiety, insecurity, confusion, and aimless talking.
Management of Vata
Vata requires patience and consistency over a long period of time in its treatment. Treatment of vata is divided into two types based on whether the cause is tissue deficiency (dhatukshaya) or obstruction in the channels (srotorodha). The former is indicated by low body weight while the latter is indicated by pain.
For tissue deficiency, the best therapy is tonification or tissue building. Anti-vata diet should be given after making certain that the digestive fire has sufficient power to handle the heavy food required. If the digestive fire is weak, digestion-promoting herbs like dry ginger and cayenne or black pepper should be given. Then light oil massage should be given with warm oils like sesame or Mahanarayan oil, and a mild steam therapy. Herbal wines like Draksha can be taken before food to increase appetite, or after food as a tonic. Tonic herbs such as Ashwagandha and Bala should be taken. Seated yoga postures with silent meditation are helpful.
For obstruction in the channels, detoxifying and stimulating herbs such as dry ginger or fennel should be used. Oil massage is recommended, emphasizing herbs like Nirgundi or Vishagarbha oil. Special alkali medicines may be taken internally to open the channels. Mild laxatives and decoction enemas should be taken. Herbal wines prepared with jaggery and herbs like Dashamula are indicated. When the system is clean, then anti-vata diet and tonifying methods can be started.

Recommendations
1.  Avoid alcohol, hot spices, excessive oil or greasy food, and too much salt.
2. Vitamins: B-vitamins, calcium and iron are usually prescribed.
3. Wear an emerald set in silver on the middle finger of the right hand. Pearl and moonstone are also recommended.
4. Chant the mantra Sham. It has a cooling and calming effect.
5. Recommended herbs include Aloe, Arjuna, Barberry, Gotu Kola, Motherwort, Myrrh, Goldenseal, Saffron, Shatavari, Sandalwood and Katuka. Sometimes Chinese herbs such as Salvia and Coptis, and formulas such as Coptis and Rhubarb in combination are prescribed for acute conditions.
6. Apply sandalwood oil to the chest and to the ‘third eye’ in the middle of the forehead.
7. Practise meditation to reduce pent-up anger, hatred and resentment. Cultivate peace, love and forgiveness.
8. Limit exposure to sun. Avoid strenuous exercise.
9. Take Katuka or Barberry in equal parts with Licorice and ghee (Take two grams after meals).
10. Purgation is helpful in acute conditions.
11. Herbal combinations often prescribed for this condition include Arjuna preparations, Gotu Kola compound and Brahma Rasayana.

In fact, a skillful touch is an extremely powerful therapeutic tool which connects us at deep emotional levels.
A study carried out in America illustrates this very clearly. Two groups of premature babies were studied; the first was the control group in which the infants were left alone most of the time, except for feeding. The infants in the second group were held and cuddled each time they were fed. After the study was complete, it was observed that 80% of the infants in the second group had put on more weight than those in the control group. These babies were healthier and were able to leave the hospital much earlier than the control group, saving the government thousands of dollars in childcare.
This and other similar studies show how vital the sense of touch is to human beings; in fact it can be a lifesaver. Throughout history, nearly every culture developed its own traditional hands-on healing methods, which profoundly affected human beings on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels. In fact, touch can vary from direct contact with the area to merely stroking the aura without any actual physical contact with the body.
Massage is a wonderful technique which employs skillful touch to relax both body and mind. It is a unique way of communicating without words; a healing art, which relieves pain and suffering.
In today’s jet age, massage is most definitely a stress buster as energy levels are low but stress levels are very high – whether it is deadlines at work, commuting in crowded cities or emotional confrontations in relationships. Children particularly, are brought up more with dictatorship than with love and understanding; the stricter the upbringing, the more dysfunctional and stressed-out adults they become.
It is now proven beyond doubt that our thoughts and emotions have a direct imprint on our body. In fact, we are what we think!
Often we notice that when we are happy and positive, our body feels light, flexible and energetic. When we feel depressed, stress, tension and negative emotions take over and we feel weighed down – as if a heavy burden is upon us. It is as if we are literally carrying the ‘weight of the world’ on our shoulders.
If this tension is not dissipated, it gets stored in the body. Negative thinking and suppression of desires leads to more blocks, preventing the free flow of energy. This blocked-up energy causes rigidity in muscles and tissues. Excess tissue builds up in the affected area forming a ‘protective’ psychological barrier. Wilhelm Reich, the father of modern psychology coined an apt term for it. He called it ‘Body Armour’, a term massage therapists are all too familiar with.
Rigidity in the body brings rigidity to the mind, and each perpetuates the other, setting up a vicious cycle.
This brings along chronic fatigue, high blood pressure, chronic shallow breathing, a negative self-image and low self-esteem – the classic pathologies of neuro-muscular stress.
Stress can be stored anywhere in the body. However, it is found that specific areas like the neck, shoulders and back muscles usually accumulate more stress. These muscles tend to remain stiff and tense all the time until eventually the pain becomes chronic. It gets aggravated with bad posture, hunching over the computer for hours together, wearing ill-fitting uncomfortable shoes and lifting heavy things incorrectly.

“Massage is a wonderful technique which employs

skillful touch to relax both body and mind.

It is a unique way of communicating without words;

a healing art, which relieves pain and suffering.”

 Our muscles have an inbuilt memory; they learn to contracton stimulation and relax whenthe stimulus is removed. However, when we remain stressed for a long time, muscles forget their original relaxed state and remain contracted all the time – a condition called sensory-motor amnesia. This leads to chronic stress and can be very painful.
A good massage therapist locates and gently eases out the tension areas. Different massage strokes like kneading, friction and application of pressure enhance blood circulation and flush out wastes and toxins from the body. The heat generated by friction and rubbing helps to loosen the tight muscles. In expert hands, knots slowly unravel and the muscle gradually comes back to its original elasticity. This takes time, but guided breathing by the therapist and a willingness to consciously let go of holding patterns on the part of the client, are key factors. Once muscles relax, breathing slows down and the positive and negative charges in the body start to balance out.
A massage treatment should ideally feel like one continuous flow, and a good massage can even lead to altered states of consciousness.
Circulatory massage can be relaxing or energizing. The strokes are nearly always in the direction of the heart. Long, smooth strokes called effleurage, and kneading, squeezing strokes called pettrisage, are the two most important strokes in circulatory massage, so called because blood and lymph circulation as well as the heart function are greatly facilitated.
A relaxing massage generally starts with the face and head to calm the thoughts, and then moves downwards.
Esalen Massage, developed at Esalen Institute, California, at the very beginning of the New Age movement, is a very soothing massage with long, rhythmic strokes, which can put people to sleep! It is great for business oriented people and those who are tense and hyperactive, as it is a wonderful way of transfering healing energy.
Swedish Massage on the other hand, is brisk and invigorating and generally starts with the legs and feet. Rapid strokes with deep friction and percussion movements break down congested lymph areas, cellulite, and muscle spasms, leaving the person totally rejuvenated. It is excellent for athletes, obese people and those who are depressed or withdrawn, as it increases vibrancy levels dramatically!
These days Deep Tisssue Massage is very popular. This employs firm, constant compression, which liberates psychic tension in the muscles. It elongates and restores the elasticity of muscles as well. This kind of slow, deep work is most effective when both the client and therapist breathe in unison.
Thai Massage is also called Yoga Massage and includes some amazing stretches, postures and unique pressure-point work, all of which have a direct effect on the energy meridians in the body. This enhances chi, the vital life-force energy in the body. The therapist uses his or her own body weight in a fluid, rhythmic manner and gently guides the client into a deeply relaxed harmonious state, where yin and yang – the polar opposites – come together in perfect balance.
Ayurveda – the ’science of life’ – too recommends massage as a daily practice to stay fit and healthy and to remove toxins from the body. The sequence moves from the legs upwards to the back, torso, the arms and then finally to the head. The strokes are proximal to distal and flow outward to nourish the extremities as well.
Ayurveda especially recommends the correct use of different oils according to the season, pulse diagnosis, age and temperament of the client.
Ayurvedic Massage is said to balance the tridosha – the three humours: vata (wind), pitta (bile) and kapha (phlegm). It is known to rejuvenate the system, nourish the seven dhatus (constituents of the body), remove fatigue, improve eyesight, increase longevity, enhance immunity and strengthen the skin improving its color and texture.
Head massage is given a lot of importance in Ayurveda as it increases the supply of fresh oxygen and glucose to the brain, relaxes the nervous system, improves the circulation of life-giving cerebro-spinal fluid, increases the secretion of hormones and enzymes necessary for growth and development of brain cells, cures dryness, and increases the level of pranic energy in the brain. Nowadays, ‘Indian Head Massage’ is in great demand in spas and beauty parlours the world over.

Some other benefits of massage include

* Feeling relaxed yet alert
* Increased body awareness
* Increased freedom, ease and range of movement
* Enhanced confidence andenergy
* Reduced need for sleep, yetsleeping more peacefully
* Faster healing
* Feeling emotionally nurtured
* Feeling good and positive

“Head massage is given a lot of importance in

Ayurveda as it increases the supply of fresh oxygen

and glucose to the brain, relaxes the nervous system,

improves the circulation of life-giving cerebro-spinal fluid,

increases the secretion of hormones and enzymes necessary

for growth and development of brain cells, cures dryness,

and increases the level of pranic energy in the brain”

Massage is nearly always done with oils. These days, Aromatherapy Massage with essential oils is very popular. Essential oils like lavender and tea-tree are the only ones that can be used without dilution. Almost all the others, like geranium, rosemary, cypress, citrus and many others are generally blended in tiny amounts with carrier oils like olive, almond, apricot seed and vitamin E. All these have their own characteristic aroma and give a luxurious feel to the massage. These oils have many beneficial properties and are a wonderful complement to a good massage.
They relax, awaken and energize the nervous system, increase immunity, combat insomnia and infections, and have an overall healing effect on the body and mind, particularly on the emotions.
Ayurvedic massage also uses sesame, mustard, coconut, olive and castor oil. These oils are all extremely beneficial and can be heat-producing or cooling, depending on which oil is used. Particular herbs and spices mixed or cooked in these oils – according to the season – are recommended for sound health.

Uses and Benefits of Massage Oils

* Mahanarayan taila – for muscular pain, rheumatism, arthritis, gout and stiff joints
* Brahmi amla – for head massage
* Bhringaraj – for head and hair. Prevents dandruff and dry hair. Soothes pitta
* Almond oil -for disorders of the brain, nervous system and for premature aging. It soothes the burning sensations of the skin
* Mustard oil – cures pains, swellings and wounds. It is a wormicide. It increases pitta and body heat. Destroys diseases caused by vata and kapha
* Olive oil – helps rheumatism, gout, athritis, sprains, polio and assists with general muscle, ligament and nerve weakness

Aromatherapy Oils

* Antiseptic – lavender and eucalyptus
* Anti-inflammatory – chamomile and lavender
* Fungicidal – patchouli, tea tree, sweet marjoram
* For burns, cuts and scars – lavender, geranium, neroli
* Deodorant – bergamot, thyme, juniper, cypress, lemongrass
* Insect repellent – spike lavender, clove, camphor, garlic and citronella

Contra-indications in Massage

Massage, if judiciously used, helps in healing. However, it should be avoided in the following conditions:
* Inflammation or skin disease
* Purulent (pus) accumulations
* Swellings that might be malignant
* Recent phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
* Recent osteomyelitis (bone infection)
* Recent lymphangitis (lymph node infection)
* Recent thrombosis (clots in blood vessels)
* Severe degrees of hernia
* Very high or very low blood pressure
* Indigestion, constipation, vomiting, fever, very bad cough or cold – (aggravated kapha)
* Heart problems
* Epilepsy
* Pregnancy
* Just after meals

Most people find it very difficult to really relax; they are tense all the time – even in their sleep. The deep relaxation that a massage treatment affords paves the way for the body and mind to heal, as beneficial hormones are secreted by the endocrine system, which in turn affect all other systems in a positive manner.
Massage heals and nurtures not only the recipient, but the masseuse as well.
It is a most amazing and fulfilling experience to connect at such a deep and non-sexual level with another human being. For many people, it makes a tremendous impact when they find that they are received fully and non judgmentally – just as they are. Massage can therefore also be an opening for deep emotional release, as long withheld patterns may emerge, which are then gently released. The intention of the therapist plays a vital role here, and a loving, caring attitude makes a world of difference in turning a massage into a memorable experience.

So treat yourself to some TLC
(tender loving care)…TODAY!!!

The author is working as a massage therapist in Gurumaa Ashram, Gannaur, Sonepat, Haryana.

Agni Sara is a cleansing practice – agni means fire, and in this practice the internal fire is stoked, helping to heat up the body from within in order to stimulate digestion and detoxify the bodily systems. Sukhasana or ‘Easy sitting’ pose is a good position for this practice, although many other poses are also appropriate. Then, with that body awareness, move into a more suitable position where the spine can stretch. Agni Sara can also be done standing, with the feet spread wide apart, knees bent in an easy standing-squat and the hands resting on the thighs for support. Whichever position you choose, remember to work towards an erect spine rather than a rounded or hunched one.

The benefits of Agni Sara are incredible – in fact too many to list – but here are some: increased circulation to abdominal muscles, tissues and organs, pelvic muscles, improved elimination of waste and excess fat from around the abdomen, increased energy and elevated mood. Do not practice Agni Sara if you are pregnant, suffering from heart, nervous system, or respiratory ailments, have glaucoma, hiatal hernia, or ulcers of the stomach or intestine.
Process – In this practice, you contract your muscles all the way up from the floor of the pelvis to the diaphragm. This is done after a complete exhalation. From hands and knees position, exhale all the air from the mouth to get really empty. Then with no breath in the body, quickly draw the head and tailbone towards the navel, with the back arching up to the ceiling. The belly is sucked in upwards into the rib cage (this is an intermediate phase), and holding that posture with no breath – for five to ten counts – is Agni Sara. When it is time to inhale, the cat-tuck position and the belly suction is released and a regular inhalation and exhalation is done between sets. I recommend five to ten sets on an empty stomach!

1.  Stand erect.
2.  Keep a distance of 1-1/2 feet between the feet and place both hands on their respective thighs. Slowly exhale completely.
3.  Hold the breath out as is done in Uddiyana. After that, the stomach which has been sucked in due to complete exhalation is to be blown out like a balloon for a count of two seconds without inhaling. Pull the stomach in and again blow it out.
4.  Repeat this 4 to 6 times. Now inhale.
5.  Practise this kriya every day and gradually increase the number of repetitions. The practice should be relaxing and stimulating and you should be able to feel the heat in your body. After some days the abdominal muscles will become stronger and it will be very easy to incorporate it into your daily practice.
6.  This completes one round of Agni Sara. Repeat four or five times.

Remember
Practice on an empty stomach and avoid
doing Agni Sara during pregnancy, menstruation, or after abdominal surgery.
Consult your doctor first if you have any disease of the intestines or pancreas.
Do not practice it for at least four hours after a meal.

Yoga treats the mind and body as one. It treats man as a single entity and believes that any disease occurring in the body actually originates in the mind. Most diseases are psychosomatic – that is – they travel from the mind to the body. A frustrated and agitated mind will make a person quirky and restless in all his activities. Walking, eating, drinking, sitting – the restlessness of the person will be obvious to a keen observer.
A mind which is not balanced will be unbalanced in most of its work. For example, when he eats food, he won’t be observant of the size of the morsel or whether he has chewed it properly or not. When the mind is in a rush, then food is partaken in an inappropriate way. Food which has not been chewed properly stays in the stomach for a longer duration, and it is very taxing for the digestive system to digest the food properly. Food which stays longer in the stomach and intestines will produce more problems for the body, like indigestion, flatulence, dyspepsia, uneasiness and lethargy. Food should be consumed with great care and thought. What we eat and how we eat is very important and one should be aware of all these things. Eating too much processed food, food with artificial colors and stale food will definitely cause constipation.
‘I am the body and the body is me’ is a thought or feeling that makes a person so unaware, that satisfying the body becomes the only goal in life. Eating to enjoy and earning to buy a variety of foods becomes quite a passion.
I see people thinking about food most of the time. While eating breakfast they worry about what they will eat for lunch, and at lunchtime they plan where to go for dinner. To eat at an expensive restaurant becomes quite a passion about which one even loves to boast. I have heard that in some of the up-market restaurants in New York, Paris and Los Angeles, securing
a reservation is considered a very big achievement, and those who get one feel very proud! Man lives to sustain the body; that he can enjoy a variety of objects and feel happy seems to be the only objective of life.
The vedas says ‘Annam Brahman’. It means, consider food as god and eat as if a great ritual is being performed to appease god.

Treat the body as the truest temple of the lord; keeping it healthy is the foremost duty of every human being. Eat to live – don’t live to eat. Respect our body and worship it by doing yoga asana.
There is a folklore which says that if you are constipated for even a single day, you lose fifteen days of your life! A sadhak should make sure that he or he is never constipated. Eating fiber, drinking ten glasses of water a day, eating green vegetables and fruits, eating an early dinner are some of the life style changes which one should bring about for a totally healthy elimination system.
Hath yoga has some very powerful asanas which can cure constipation and its related problems. Here I will teach you a series of asanas for alleviating constipation.

“Treat the body as the truest temple of the lord;
keeping it healthy is the foremost duty of every
human being. Eat to live – don’t live to eat. The
vedas says ‘Annam Brahman’. It means, consider
food as god and eat as if a great ritual is being
performed to appease god. Respect your body
and worship it by doing yoga asana”

 1). Breathe normally as you stand with your feet firmly on the ground. Allow all muscles to relax. Close your eyes and be aware of your body. Feel the sensations associated with the contact of your feet on the floor.
2). Inhale and then exhale while you slowly bend forward. Lean forward till you can touch your knees, calves, ankles, and feet. Do the movement slowly and in a relaxed manner. From the start to the final position, the movement should be slow, fluid, continuous and mindful. Do not force the stretch. Remain bent over for approximately five seconds or as long as feels comfortable.
3). Be aware of the sensations and the feelings the posture develops in different parts of your body, especially in the area of your back and legs.
4). Feel the movement of your belly.
5). Just relax in the posture. Be aware of your feelings and sensations.
6). Inhale. Return to an upright position by bending your knees slightly and straightening your vertebrae, one at a time. Let your head be the last part of the body to come back into position.

1). Lie on your stomach and place the hands on the floor besides the pectoral muscles.
2). Place the hands palms down, under the shoulders on the floor.
3). Whilst inhaling, without lifting the navel from the floor, raise the chest and head, arching the back. Obtain as complete a stretch of the body as possible.
4). Retain the breath, then exhale while slowly lowering the body to the floor. Rest and repeat two to seven times.
5). Do it two to seven times adding one every 14 days.

Qutab Minar (Urdu: قطب منار) is the world’s tallest brick minaret. Soaring over 70 metres into the hazy sky, it is one of the country’s most important examples of Indo-Islamic architecture, with verses from the Quran carved into its red sandstone exterior.

History

The meaning of the word Qutab Minar is axis minaret. Considered to be the tallest tower of India, the history of Qutab Minar is quite interesting as its height. It is the highest stone tower in India and is a soaring, 73 m-high tower of victory.

Built by Qutabuddin Aibak; it was constructed in early 12th century and was completed by Firoz Shah Tughluq in 1368. Qutab-ud-din Aibak was the first Muslim ruler of Delhi. He commenced the construction of the Qutab Minar in 1200 AD, but could only finish the basement.
Some believe it was erected as a tower of victory to signify the beginning of the Muslim rule in India. The high standing tower has shafts and balconies and the walls are adorned with inscribed verses from Quran.

Tower

The Qutab Minar was built on the ruins of Lal Kot, the Red Citadel in the city of Dhillika, the capital of the Tomar and Chauhana Rajputs, the last Hindu rulers of Delhi. There are many other remarkable buildings and structures in the Qutab Minar complex, including the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, the first mosque built in India.

You can even see an inscription over there that expounds that the original mosque was built on the foundations of a Hindu temple and the materials obtained by demolishing 27 idolatrous temples!

Architecture

The Qutab Minar is not only an important tourist spot in Delhi, it is also an excellent example of early Islamic architecture in India. The 238 feet Qutab Minar is 47 feet at the base and tapers to nine feet at the apex. The architectural wonder is surrounded by a lush green manicured garden.

The tower has five distinct storeys, each marked by a projecting balcony. The first three storeys of the tower are made of red sandstone by Qutabuddin Aibak and Iltutmish and the last two storeys are made of marble by Firoz Shah Tughluq.
Qutab Minar is a red sandstone monument. At the base of Qutab Minar is an iron pillar that inexplicitly stays rust-free for the past 2000 years! The stark differences in architecture of different periods and different dynasties can be noticed in Qutab Minar. It is an Indo-Islamic architectural wonder of ancient India. It bears intricate carvings and cantos from the Holy Koran. The decoration and carvings of Qutab Minar is basically Islamic but somewhat hybrid style was visible in the later additions of Firoz Shah.
The tower was built in three stages. The staircase inside the tower to the balconies has been closed following an accident in early 1980’s when a party of school girls panicked when the lights failed and a stampede led to a number of deaths.
Heritage

The Qutab Minar is a World Heritage Site. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Delhi. The Qutab Minar is identified with Delhi, as the Leaning Tower is associated with the city of Pisa or the Eiffel Tower with Paris. In many ways, the Qutab Minar, the first monument of Muslim rule in India, heralded the beginning of a new style of art and architecture that came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style.

India, the country, where culture echoes, traditions speak and diversity delights is a land of magnificent monuments and where Taj Mahal, is only one of the historical wonders. Situated in the city of Agra in India, on the banks of the river Yamuna, the Taj is enclosed in a garden amongst fountains and ornamental trees.
Taj Mahal is a monument that depicts one of the most marvelous architectures of the ancient world. It is India’s Pride and it has made it to the Seven Wonders of the World.

Home of Taj Mahal: Agra

Situated in the city of Agra in India, on the banks of the river Yamuna, the Taj is enclosed in a garden amongst fountains and ornamental trees. Agra is situated about 200 km south of New Delhi, was the Capital of the Mughals (Moguls) – the Muslim Emperors who ruled Northern India between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Agra is well connected by air, rail and road. It is an ancient centre of Shiva worship. Agra is globally renowned as the city of the Taj Mahal, a monument of love and imagination that represents India to the world.

Agra was from 1526 to 1658 the capital of the Mughal emperors – the Muslim rulers of India, who left a splendid architectural heritage. It is home to the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, of which the Taj is simply the most famous.

Taj Mahal: An Epitome of Love

The very first sight of the Taj Mahal, the epitome of love and romance leaves one mesmerized. It is truly a spectacular symbol of love, art and craftsmanship combined.
Shah Jahan was the fourth Mogul emperor of India. He ordered the Taj Mahal built in memory of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal. She was the second wife of Shah Jahan. Inflated through the ages into an almost impossibly beautiful, virtuous and brave woman, despite a fairly scanty historical record, Mumtaz Mahal accompanied him to war, and bore him 14 children, the last birth killing her at the age of 39.

When Mumtaz Mahal was still alive, she extracted four promises from the emperor – first, that he build the Taj; second, that he should marry again; third, that he be kind to their children; and fourth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary.
In 1631, when Mumtaz Mahal died in childbirth, Shah Jahan brought to Agra the most skilled craftsmen from all Asia and even Europe, to build the white marble mausoleum that is the Taj Mahal.

Shah Jahan had sought perfect symmetry in the Taj, and placed the tomb of Mumtaz (actually a marble cenotaph; her body is buried below) squarely at the center, forming a perfect sightline out the entrance.

The body of Mumtaz Mahal was ceremoniously interred into the tomb. The name Taj Mahal is derived from her nick-name Mumtaz Mahal: pearl or crown of the palace.

Many people believe that Shah Jahan had planned to build another Taj Mahal in black marble, which was to be his own tomb on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna and connect the two by a bridge.

Emperor Shah Jahan himself described the Taj in these words:

Should guilty seek asylum here,
Like one pardoned, he becomes free from sin.
Should a sinner make his way to this mansion,
All his past sins are to be washed away.
The sight of this mansion creates sorrowing sighs;
And the sun and the moon shed tears from their eyes.
In this world this edifice has been made;
To display thereby the creator’s glory.
The Taj Mahal still continues to enamor visitors with its charismatic architecture and narrates the mystical tale of eternal love. It is recognized worldwide as a symbol of eternal love.

Taj Mahal: The Building
Building the mausoleum took 21 years and 20,000 workers. Without doubt, The Taj Mahal ranks as amongst the most perfect buildings in the world, flawlessly proportionate, built entirely out of marble. The building itself is 186 feet square.
The term ‘Mahal’ has never been used for a building in any of the Muslim countries, from Afghanistan to Algeria. Had the Taj been an Islamic building it should have faced the west.
The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia. Over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials during the construction. The translucent white marble was brought from Rajasthan, the jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China. The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia. In all, twenty eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble.

The finest of skilled artisans were brought in to inlay the white marble edifice with precious stones and to conjure filigreed marble screens around the cenotaphs of the emperor and his beloved queen. It is believed that the name “Taj Mahal” was derived from the name of Shah Jahan wife Mumtaz Mahal and means “Crown Palace”.

The Taj is a tribute to the beauty of a woman and the enduring and eternal love. The Taj Mahal reveals its subtle beauty when you view it without being in a hurry. The rectangular base symbolizes the different sides from which to view a beautiful woman.
The main gate symbolizes the veil to a woman’s face, which should be lifted delicately, without haste and very gently on the wedding night. It is an aspect of the Indian Tradition, where the veil is lifted gently to reveal the beauty of the bride.

Taj Mahal: The Heritage
The almost supernatural beauty of the Taj Mahal and its grounds transcends culture and history, and speaks with a voice of its own to visitors from all over the world of feelings that are common to all humanity. In 1983, The Taj Mahal was given recognition as a UNESCO World heritage site and hence was universally acknowledged as one of the best heritage sites throughout the world. It is one of the wonders of the world and the supreme example of Mughal architecture in India.

Estimates of the cost of the construction of Taj Mahal vary due to difficulties in estimating construction costs across time. The total cost of construction has been estimated to be about 32 million Rupees at that time which now runs into trillions of Dollars if converted to present currency rates!

The Taj Mahal attracts from 2 to 4 million visitors annually, with more than 200,000 from overseas. Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October, November and February. Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus.

The grounds are open from 6 am to 7 pm weekdays, except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 noon and 2 pm. The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after, excluding Fridays and the month of Ramzan. For security reasons only five items – water in transparent bottles, small video cameras, still cameras, mobile phones and small ladies’ purses – are allowed inside the Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal: The Magnificent Architecture

The Taj Mahal is generally considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements of Persian, Turkish, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. It incorporates and expands on many design traditions, particularly Hindu, Persian and earlier Mughal architecture.

Although Islamic architecture is difficult to define collectively, the Taj Mahal seems to represent its essence and strongest characteristic — the ability of the Islamic religion and its leaders to exploit into foreign regions and mould the best features of that place with its own to create unique works of architecture.
In a country that may be one of the most intriguing travel destinations on the planet, the Taj Mahal is the one site no tourist visiting India can miss. The Taj Mahal is truly a spectacular symbol of love, art and craftsmanship combined.